Jordan faces wave of dissent as government's troubles mount

In October, a group of retired senior military officers, tribal figures and activists from traditionally loyalist constituencies aired their grievances in a petition directed at King Abdullah.

Attacking Trump's Middle East policy, the signatories urged the king to stand firm against any moves that harm Jordan.

The king subsequently announced he would not be renewing a deal that has let Israelis farm Jordanian land near the border since the peace treaty of 1994 - a move that won approval at home and was seen aimed at defusing some of the anger.

The petition also included a call for the monarch to devolve more powers to parliament.

"Loyalty is overwhelming in Jordan but that doesn't mean there are no pockets here and there that are against even the monarchy. And they are negligible, yes, but through social media they will have a ... big voice," said Fayez Tarawneh, a pillar of the establishment who has served as prime minister and head of the royal court.

With the traditional print and broadcast media loyal to the state and no organised opposition political parties, social media has become a channel for dissent.

The government has launched a public awareness campaign on its dangers. "Fabricated news obstructs development and confuses public opinion," declares one of the banners erected in recent days around Amman.

King Abdullah has stepped into the debate about its role in unusually strong terms, taking aim at what he described as false rumours and stories spread online in a lengthy article published in pro-government media.

Addressing speculation over a month-long absence this summer, the king criticised a "wave of rumours and false stories" that had spread concerning his annual break. "The question persisted: Where is the king? Some went as far as questioning my presence even as I stood before them."

"Unfortunately, some people have tried to spread rumours targeting the morale and unity of Jordanians," he wrote.

There was an urgent need, he wrote, to develop laws to ensure the protection of freedom of expression but also to "combat rumours and misinformation, and counter hate speech".

"Anyone who offends a Jordanian — whether from my bigger Jordanian family or my immediate family — offends me personally."

Amnesty International said the article appeared to signal the king's support for proposed amendments to a cybercrimes law that would "deal a devastating blow to freedom of expression in Jordan". The amendments were sent to parliament in September.

"They are deeply scared of Facebook," said Ali Braizat, a dissident from the town of Dhiban who has been jailed twice for opposition activities.

Braizat, 55, is an unusually strident critic of King Abdullah, crossing red lines that allow criticism of the government but not the monarch.

His town is one of the provincial tribal areas upon which the Hashemites built their support among native Jordanians. Many of its people have benefited from state jobs, including Braizat until he resigned in 2001. Jordan's police chief is from the area.

Braizat's last spell in prison was in January, when he was held for one month. His arrest sparked protests in Dhiban.

Braizat, a lawyer who also farms olives on family land in Dhiban, was a signatory of the petition, describing it as a "clear and frank" message to the king and his foreign backers.

"The Jordanians are telling the king what's requested of (him)," he said. "In the midst of what's going on in the region we don't want to change the regime. But (he is) the one in charge and responsible firstly and finally for changing things."

During the Arab Spring, there were protests in Dhiban but these were to demand more state jobs and services, not political reform, Braizat said. A visit by King Abdullah helped manage the situation.

Jordan's financial crunch now hangs over the state's ability to finance jobs and services. Tarawaneh said the "financial squeeze" couldn't be separated from regional instability.

"What is needed really is continuous dialogue within the country to explain more ... the procedures the government has to take. In certain areas, you need some surgery," he said.

"It's not an easy ride."