In the 1940s, when World War II was shaking Europe to its core, Britain faced serious challenges in the regions it governed as colonies and mandates. From the outside, it seemed like an empire struggling to maintain order, criticized by all sides, and unable to find effective solutions. By the early 1970s, Britain would withdraw from all its colonies, and many historians evaluating this period would often use words like “chaos,” “confusion,” “incompetence,” and “uncertainty” to describe British