German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier told Chinese students on Friday that "havoc" was wrought in the name of Karl Marx in Germany and eastern Europe, but that Marx also stood for things like freedom of the press.
Marx is lauded in China, and in May President Xi Jinping said the decision of the ruling Communist Party to stick with his political theories remained "totally correct", in a speech to coincide with the 200th anniversary of the German philosopher's birth.
Xi's speech came near the end of a week-long propaganda blitz by state media, with chat shows saying "Marx was Right" and cartoons of his wild youth aiming to show his theories remain relevant to modern China and the next generation.
Speaking to students at Sichuan University in southwestern China, Steinmeier noted that China had this year donated a big statue of the founding father of communism to his German birthplace of Trier - controversial at the time due to German concerns at China's poor human rights record.
"In this anniversary year, it seems to me that Germans and Chinese can have very different views not only of current issues, but also of the same historical and intellectual ideas," Steinmeier said, according to a copy of the speech provided by the German embassy in Beijing.
There was no doubt Marx was a great German intellectual, an influential philosopher, economist, historian and sociologist, and a "rather less successful educator and workers' leader", the president said.
"However, there is also no doubt that Marx was a passionate humanist. He demanded freedom of the press, humane working conditions, universal education, political rights for women and environmental protection," he said.
But Marx's ideas did not remain theoretical, Steinmeier said.
"We Germans cannot talk about Marx without also thinking of the havoc wrought in his name in eastern Germany and Europe – the depressing time of the Iron Curtain."
During that time, Marxism was everything and the individual counted for nothing, families were torn apart, neighbours pitted against each other, and "people confined behind walls and people who attempted to flee murdered", he said.
Steinmeier did make any specific criticisms of China, where attention most recently has focused on widespread concern in Western capitals about re-education camps for ethnic Uighurs and other Muslim peoples in China's Xinjiang region.
Germany's history, he said, was for many years marked by "dictatorship and repression".
"This makes us particularly sensitive to and aware of what happens to those who do not share the prevailing opinion, belong to an ethnic minority, want to practise their religion or campaign non-violently and peacefully for their ideas and beliefs," Steinmeier said.
"That is why we are worried and alarmed whenever personal freedoms are curtailed."
